― ms.Lee

Prince Hamlet : son of Kng Hamlet and Queen Gertrude. He is the main protagonist, who must decide whether to kill his uncle Claudius and revenge his father's death. Hamlet is an introspective character who does not knwo whether to trust the ghost of his father or not. He hates his mother for marrying Claudius soon after his father's death, and he is in love with Ophelia until she betrays him.

Ghost of Hamlet: the ghost of the late King of Denmark. The ghost appears several times, but only speacks to his son Hamlet. He demands that Hamlet revenge his murder by killing Claudius.

King Claudius: the brother of the late King of Denmark and the uncle of Hamlet. He murdered his brother in order to seize the throne, and subsequently married Gertrude, the Queen of Denmark. This shows that he is really greedy.

Queen Gertrude: the widow of the late King Hamlet, and the current wife of Claudius. She seems unaware that Claudius killed her former husband until Hamlet confronts her directly. However, she also believes that Hamlet is mad after he sees the ghost of his father in her presence, a ghost she cannot see. She is benevolent to her son, but still greedy because she married her former husband's brother to keep her status of queen.

Polonius: a lord who is the father of Laertes and Ophelia. He is the first to believe that Hamlet's madness is the result of Ophelia rejecting him. Polonius is accidentally killed by Hamlet while overhearing on a conversation between Hamlet and Gerturde.

Laertes: the son of Polonius, he is first sent to France but returns when he heard his father has been killed. He fights Hamlet in a fencing match at the end, and kills Hamlet by slashing him with a poisoned foil.

Ophelia: the daughter of Polonius, she is in love with Hamlet but rejects him after her father orders her to do so. She later goes mad after Polonius is murdered, and soon thereafter commits suicide by drowning herself.

Horatio: a friend of Hamlet who is the first to inform him about the ghost of Old Hamlet. He is the only friend Hamlet trusts by the end of the play, and he is orderend to reveal the true story of why Hamlet killed Claudius.

Rosencrantz: a friend of Hamlet who is invited to the court by Claudius. He and Guildenstern watch Hamlet closely at Claudius' request, and they later serve as escorts for Hamlet to England. Hamlet discovers that he should be killed in England, and instead put them into death.

Guildenstern: a friend of Hamlet who is invited to the court by Claudius. He and Rosencrantz watch Hamlet closely at Claudius' request, and they later serve as escorts for Hamlet to England. Hamlet discovers that he should be killed in England, and instead put them into death.

Fortinbras: the Prince of Norway. In order to revenge his father's death at the hands of Old Hamlet, he is marching an army through Denmark pretending to go to Poland. Instead, he attacks the Danish palace and conquers Denmark.

The Endless Tragedy, "Hamlet"

Hamlet's father (King Hamlet Senior) has been murdered by his uncle Claudius who has now taken over the throne and married the dead king's wife Gertrude. Hamlet was upset enough about this marriage but traumatised entirely when the ghost of Hamlet Senior tells him about the murder. If I were him, I would felt so miserable. Differently, Hamlet plots revenge but is indecisive about it. He fret about his revenge upon his uncle, but if I were him, I wouldn't be fret about it, I would just kill my father's murderer because there is nothing worth about murderer even he's my uncle. Anyway, Hamlet pretended as he was insane and mad, and even gives up his love, Ophelia. To check what ghost have said to him, he planed a play with actors who was taken care of Hamlet and the story was relative to his uncle's murder, and he could check his uncle's reflection that made him resolute about his revenge. Hamlet talked to his mother about the most unnatural murder, and killed Polonius who hid behind curtain by mistake because he knew that man hid behind was Claudius. As the result, Hamlet banished to out of Denmark. Ophelia commited suicide due to her father's death and disappointed love. Futhermore, Laerties, who returned from France to revenge his father's murder, heard another miserable news, which was his most lovely sister's death, and it made him extremely mad at Hamlet. In this extract, we see that Claudius, like many of Shakespeare's villains, has a conscience. He feels guilty about the murder and wants to repent but doesn't want to give up his ill-gotten gains. Events became bigger. Hamlet lost his lover and father. How twisted is his life? Hamlet returned to Denmark. The king who felt danger used young Laerties to kill Hemlet. The king arranged a fencing stage. The king contained the pearl with poison in it in the drink for Hamlet to drink, and smeared poison on Laerties's sword to kill Hemlet during fencing. However, Gertrude drink poisonous drink without knowing that there's poison in it. Later, she tells Hamelet that the drink contains lethal venom and dies. Eventhough Hamlet avoided from drinking poisonous drink, he wounded by poison sword and also poked Laerties with poisonous sword. Before Laerties dies, he told Hamlet that this is all arranged by his uncle, Claudius. So Hamlet forced Claudius to drink that poisonous drink and his uncle dies. Eventually, Hamlet also dies from the wound poked by the poisonous sword.                                                      How tragedic this story is!! During I was watching this movie, I felt nervous and absorved myself in Hamlet's each situations. When I knew the ending part, which every people died, I felt so miserable.

From the earliest known evidence of human religion by Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis around 100,000 years ago to the present day, religion continues to be a very influential aspect of human lives. Today, there are numerous challenges and problems faced by humans from every possible background, location and social class. Every day people must face issues of health, safety and mortality. It is because of these daily challenges that religion continues to exist. Religion is the universal tool for explaining things which we do not understand through the context the known physical world. Although there are countless religions, each different from the other, they all serve the same purpose. Each answers questions which all humans seem to be programmed to ask: Why are we here? What happens when I die? How shall I live my life? Religion helps us to transmit our values from one generation to another, and influences the way we interact with the natural environment. It teaches us how to see ourselves in light of the universe and gives purpose and meaning to life. With our global society, it is likely that in your lifetime you will meet people from every corner of the planet. Understanding the religious beliefs of these people is one of the many steps which mankind must take in order to someday prosper together in peace.

I just researched about 6 major religions and thoes are Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Animism, Christianity, and Hinduism and today, this following page will serve as a brief introduction of Islam.

The history of Islam centers around one person, Muhammad. He was born around 570 A.D. and was raised by his extended family after the death of his parents. As he grew, he became dissatisfied with polytheism and came to believe in one God, Allah. He began to have religious visions around age 40. During these visions, Muhammad would receive "messages" or "revelations" from Allah. He would memorize them and teach them to his followers. These visions are now recorded in the Koran. Muhammad continued to receive these visions and messages until his death in 632 A.D. Muhammad's new faith was not widely accepted in his hometown of Mecca. Therefore, he and his followers moved to Medina which means "City of the Prophet". This movement is known as the "the flight". It marks the turning point in Islam and serves as the beginning date on Islamic calendars. At first, Muhammad was pathetic to both Christians and Jews, but after their rejection of his teaching, he turned from Jerusalem as the center of worship for Islam to Mecca. He realized he must return to Mecca, and he did, conquering the city. Islam quickly spread throughout the area. When Muhammad died, he left no document appointing a successor. Some people thought that one of the original converts who had taught with Muhammad, some wanted a member of a powerful political family in the area, and others felt that 'Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad had been divinely designated as successor. An early believer, Abu Bakr was appointed, but died within two years. Eventually, a power struggle developed as different groups of Muslims believed their method of establishing a successor were the best. The largest argument was over whether the successor should be elected or chosen through heredity. This controversy produced the main body of Islam known as the Sunnis (followers of the prophet's way) and other numerous sects including the Shi'a and the Sufis. The Sunnis are the majority in Islam today. The Shi'a are the group of Muslims who believe that the successorship should remain within Muhammad's family, and that leaders are spiritually chosen, not politically chosen. They carry with them the pain of Muhammad's son-in-law, 'Ali, who was murdered by Mu'awiya in order to obtain power. Today, the Shi'a dominate Iran. The Sufis are a group who believes that orthodox Islam is too mechanical and impersonal. This group of Islamic mystics seek for direct personal experience of the Divine. Nationalism in the Arab world since the rise of Israel as a political power has kept Islam strong. It is a rapidly spreading religion because of its cultural and political appeal and its universal message of peace, temperance and the brotherhood of man.

The teachings of Islam are comprised of both faith ad duty. One branch of Muslim learning, "Tawhid", defines all that a man should believe, while the otehr branch, "Shari'a," prescribes everything that he should do. There is no priesthood and no sacraments. Except among the Sufis, Muslims reveive instruction only from those who consider themselves adequately learned in theology or law.

The basis for Islamic doctrine is found in the Koran. Muslims believe the Qur'an is the word of God, spoken by the angel Gabriel to Muhammad. The Qur'an was only in oral form while Muhammad was living, which means it was constantly interpreted by Muhammad and his disciples. It was written down in the caliphate of Abu Bakr. It alone is infallible and without error. The Qur'an is comprised of 114 surahs, or chapters, arranged from longest to shortest. For Muslims Muhammad was the last and most perfect of God's seven prophets or messengers to mankind.

In addition to the Qur'an, other documents are also referred to by followers of Islam. A number of additional sayings of Muhammad were complied in the Hadith ("tradition"). The Torat (of Moses), Suhuf (books of the prophets), Zabur (psalms of David), and the Injil (gospel of Jesus) are also studied and considered to be revelations, although they are believed to have been corrupted through time.

The six articles of faith are the main doctrines of Islam. All muslims share beliefs in the following. Allah. Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam believes there is one true Allah. Allah alone is the creator of all the universe. Scripture. There are four inspired books, the Torah of Moses, the Psalms of David, the Gospel of Jesus Christ and the Koran. All but the Koran have been interpreted and changed by Jews and Christians. Angels. Angels exist and interact with human lives. They are comprised of light, and each have different purposes or messages to bring to earth. Each man or woman has two angels who record his actions; one records good deeds, the other bad deeds. Prophets. God has spoken through numerous prophets throughout time. The six greatest are: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. Muhammad is the last and greatest of Allah's messengers. Afterlife. On the last day there will be a time of resurrection and judgment. Those who follow Allah and Muhammad will go to Islamic heaven, or Paradise. Those who do not will go to hell. Finally, they believed Divine Creed.

The five pillars of faith are duties each Muslim performs to demonstrate his or her faith.

Testimony of Faith (Kalima)- One must state, "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah." publicly to become a Muslim.

Prayer (Salat)- Prayer must be done five times a day (upon rising, at noon, in mid-afternoon, after sunset, and before going to sleep) towards the direction of Mecca. The call to prayer is sounded by the muezzin (Muslim crier) from a tower (minaret) within the mosque.

Almsgiving (Zakat)- Muslims are legally required to give one-fortieth of their income to the needy. Since those whom alms are given are helping the giver achieve salvation, there is no sense of shame in receiving charity.

Fasting (Sawm- During the holy month of Ramadan, faithful Muslims fast from sunup to sundown each day. This develops self-control, devotion to God, and identity with the needy.

Pilgrimage (Hajj)- Each Muslim is expected to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime if they have the means to do it and are physically capable of the trip. It is an essential part of gaining salvation, so the old or infirm may send someone in their place. It involves a set of rituals and ceremonies.

Another concept in Islam is Jihad, or to Strive. Jihad denotes the struggle to keep the faith and the ability to practice it freely. This can be a personal battle or one against leadership.

bibliogrphy :

McDowell, Josh and Don Stewart, Handbook of Today's Religions. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1983. Twelfth printing, June 1992.

Shelley, Fred M. and Audrey E. Clarke, eds. Human and Cultural Geography. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1994.

McDowell, Josh and Don Stewart, Handbook of Today's Religions. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1983. Twelfth printing, June 1992.

Shelley, Fred M. and Audrey E. Clarke, eds. Human and Cultural Geography. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1994.

Huda. "Islam". http://islam.about.com/. Accessed March, 17. 2008

Nowadays, lots of women are trying to lose weight by changing their diet. However, they have to find a proper way to lose weight as well as to be healthy at once. In general, achieving and maintaining a healthy eating pattern that includes foods from each of the major food groups is most important for a healthy heart. Firstly, have a variety of foods from all major food groups. Secondly, choose lean meat, fish and low-fat dairy products. Thirdly, choose a variety of fruits, vegetables and wholegrain products. Finally, limit fat, salt, sugar and alcohol intake. Also, you can request your doctor to refer you to see a dietitian. The dietitian will advise you after assessing your blood cholesterol levels and specific medical needs.

Below is a Healthy Diet Pyramid to provide you with some basic guidelines on a balanced diet. There is no one food that can make you healthy. It is important to eat a varied selection of foods from every level of the food pyramid. Each of the basic food groups supplies a different combination of nutrients, vitamins and minerals, supplying your body with the healthy nutrition you need. 

The Healthy Diet Pyramid

To lose your weight, you also have to control you weight too. A weight management programme is aimed at losing weight and then maintaining the ideal weight. The major emphasis for weight management focuses on restrictions on food and calorie intake (avoidance of excess total energy intake) and a regular pattern of physical activity. Physical activity will increase your metabolic rate, the rate by which your body utilises energy. If you have not been physically active for a long time, it is important to first consult your doctor before embarking on any exercise plans.

 The Body Mass Index or BMI will give you an idea of whether you are keeping a healthy weight.

Body Mass Index (BMI) Classification by Public Health Action in Asians
Body mass index = Weight (kg)/ Height (m) x Height (m)

Now it's up to you!

check your BMI and go change your diet to healthy diet!

Remeber, the most important thing is excercising :]

 The history of Valentine's day

There are varying opinions as to the origin of Valentine's Day. Some experts state that it originated from St. Valentine, a Roman who was martyred for refusing to give up Christianity. He died on February 14, 269 A.D., the same day that had been devoted to love lotteries. Legend also says that St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer's daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it "From Your Valentine". Other aspects of the story say that Saint Valentine served as a priest at the temple during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Claudius then had Valentine jailed for defying him. In 496 A.D. Pope Gelasius set aside February 14 to honour St. Valentine. Gradually, February 14 became the date for exchanging love messages and St. Valentine became the patron saint of lovers. The date was marked by sending poems and simple gifts such as flowers. There was often a social gathering or a ball. In the United States, Miss Esther Howland is given credit for sending the first valentine cards. Commercial valentines were introduced in the 1800's and now the date is very commercialised. The town of Loveland, Colorado, does a large post office business around February 14. The spirit of good continues as valentines are sent out with sentimental verses and children exchange valentine cards at school.

Deeper history of Saint Valentine's day

Valentine's Day started in the time of the Roman Empire. In ancient Rome, February 14th was a holiday to honour Juno. Juno was the Queen of the Roman Gods and Goddesses. The Romans also knew her as the Goddess of women and marriage. The following day, February 15th, began the Feast of Lupercalia. The lives of young boys and girls were strictly separate. However, one of the customs of the young people was name drawing. On the eve of the festival of Lupercalia the names of Roman girls were written on slips of paper and placed into jars. Each young man would draw a girl's name from the jar and would then be partners for the duration of the festival with the girl whom he chose. Sometimes the pairing of the children lasted an entire year, and often, they would fall in love and would later marry. Under the rule of Emperor Claudius II Rome was involved in many bloody and unpopular campaigns. Claudius the Cruel was having a difficult time getting soldiers to join his military leagues. He believed that the reason was that roman men did not want to leave their loves or families. As a result, Claudius cancelled all marriages and engagements in Rome. The good Saint Valentine was a priest at Rome in the days of Claudius II. He and Saint Marius aided the Christian martyrs and secretly married couples, and for this kind deed Saint Valentine was apprehended and dragged before the Prefect of Rome, who condemned him to be beaten to death with clubs and to have his head cut off. He suffered martyrdom on the 14th day of February, about the year 270. At that time it was the custom in Rome, a very ancient custom, indeed, to celebrate in the month of February the Lupercalia, feasts in honour of a heathen god. On these occasions, amidst a variety of pagan ceremonies, the names of young women were placed in a box, from which they were drawn by the men as chance directed. The pastors of the early Christian Church in Rome endeavoured to do away with the pagan element in these feasts by substituting the names of saints for those of maidens. And as the Lupercalia began about the middle of February, the pastors appear to have chosen Saint Valentine's Day for the celebration of this new feast. So it seems that the custom of young men choosing maidens for valentines, or saints as patrons for the coming year, arose in this way.

 Different traditions of Valentine's day

Hundreds of years ago in England, many children dressed up as adults on Valentine's Day. They went singing from home to home. One verse they sang was:

Good morning to you, valentine;
Curl your locks as I do mine ---
Two before and three behind.
Good morning to you, valentine.

In Wales wooden love spoons were carved and given as gifts on February 14th. Hearts, keys and keyholes were favourite decorations on the spoons. The decoration meant, "You unlock my heart!" In the Middle Ages, young men and women drew names from a bowl to see who their valentines would be. They would wear these names on their sleeves for one week. To wear your heart on your sleeve now means that it is easy for other people to know how you are feeling. In some countries, a young woman may receive a gift of clothing from a young man. If she keeps the gift, it means she will marry him. Some people used to believe that if a woman saw a robin flying overhead on Valentine's Day, it meant she would marry a sailor. If she saw a sparrow, she would marry a poor man and be very happy. If she saw a goldfinch, she would marry a millionaire. A love seat is a wide chair. It was first made to seat one woman and her wide dress. Later, the love seat or courting seat had two sections, often in an S-shape. In this way, a couple could sit together― but not too closely! Think of five or six names of boys or girls you might marry, As you twist the stem of an apple, recite the names until the stem comes off. You will marry the person whose name you were saying when the stem fell off. Pick a dandelion that has gone to seed. Take a deep breath and blow the seeds into the wind. Count the seeds that remain on the stem. That is the number of children you will have. If you cut an apple in half and count how many seeds are inside, you will also know how many children you will have. You can also try on Valentine's day!!!